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Available Articles on Cultural Stress

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Author: Eenigenburg, S
Title: Preparing missionary couples for cultural stress.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  Vol. 44, pp. 422-429.   2008
Summary:  This article is a very practical article warning about the effects of cultural stress on marriage, including many practical suggestions for couples to prevent or overcome such stress.
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Author: Hay, R.
Title: Worth keeping: Global perspectives on best Practice.
   Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2007
Summary:  This book is the report of ReMAP II, the largest research project ever done in the missions world. It took five years to complete, 40% of the world mission workforce was represented, including people from 22 countries on six continents. It gathered data on virtually every topic the Mission Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance thought could impact missionary retention.
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Author: Eenigenburg, S.
Title: Screams in the desert: Hope and humor for women in cross-cultural ministry.
   Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2007
Summary:  This book is 52 humorous chapters of personal experiences filled with hope for women serving cross-culturally. Each chapter ends with a Scripture passage to read, questions to answer, an action to take, and a prayer to pray.
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Author: Daniels, G.
Title: Leadership on the move: From one culture to the next.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly.  Vol. 42, pp. 158-163.   2006
Summary:  This article reminds us that with missionaries increasingly moving from one field to another their experience on one field may not transfer to a field in a different culture.
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Author: Walling, S.
Title: Cultural identity and reentry in short-term student missionaries.
Journal of Psychology and Theology,  Vol. 34, pp. 153-164.   2006
Summary:  This article reports research using focus groups to gather date from 20 college students relative to their cultural identity after reentry from short-term mission trips.
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Author: Foyle, M.
Title: When does suffering become unethical?
Interact,  Winter, 2005, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 14-16.   2005
Summary:  An article about children facing suffering and what is necessary for them to adequately cope with their suffering.
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Author: Shepherd, S.
Title: School security for western agencies abroad.
Interact,  Winter, 2005, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 4-8.   2005
Summary:  An article considering what expatriate schools can do to increase security in these times of increasing risks to students and school personnel.
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Author: Kartheiser, D.
Title: I wish I looked like a foreigner.
Interact,  Vol. 13, No. 2, Spring, pp. 15-17.   2005
Summary:  This article presents the authors experience as a hidden immigrant and three lessons she has learned from being one.
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Author: Dodd, D. S.
Title: The evolution of stress.
The Family in mission: Understanding and caring for those who serve (pp. 263-274).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2004
Summary:  This chapter reviews material on stress and the major stressors as well as strategies for managing or reducing stress. The Family Building Plan is presented as a tool for strengthening families
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Author: Van Reken, R.
Title: Adult missionary kids returning as missionaries: Going Home?
The Family in mission: Understanding and caring for those who serve (pp. 179-190).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2004
Summary:  This chapter looks at missionary subculture as a "third culture" and examines patterns of relationship to the host culture. Advantages as well as pitfalls of an MK background are explored, as well as complexities of motivation, relationship and lifestyle patterns of adult MK missionaries.
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Author: Neigh, M.
Title: "That's not what I meant!" Adjustments in transcultural marriage.
Interact.  Summer, 2004, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 5-7.   2004
Summary:  This is an article examining adjustments that have to me made in cross-cultural marriages, including three basic questions to ask.
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Author: Downes, D.
Title: Confused missionary roles--Theirs or mine?
Frontline women: Negotiating crosscultural issues in ministry (pp. 101-122).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2003
Summary:  A chapter considering the problems women face in cultures that perceive women's roles as quite passive, including concrete practical suggestions as to how to function in such cultures.
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Author: Silzer, S. T.
Title: Combating chronic stress by restoring God's image.
Frontline women: Negotiating crosscultural issues in ministry (pp. 165-176).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2003
Summary:  An autobiographical case study exploring the relationship between stress and chronic illness, specifically the development of her cancer.
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Author: Kraft, M. G.
Title: Distinctly female.
Frontline women: Negotiating crosscultural issues in ministry (pp. 7-20).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2003
Summary:  A chapter discussing major gender differences between male and female, between boys and girls as well as between men and women.
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Author: Campbell, M.
Title: Created to serve.
Frontline women: Negotiating crosscultural issues in ministry (pp. 21-29).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2003
Summary:  A chapter discussion the role of women in ministry from both biblical and historical perspectives as it has affected missions.
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Author: Graybill, R. A.
Title: Emotional straight talk.
Frontline women: Negotiating crosscultural issues in ministry (pp. 123-163).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2003
Summary:  A chapter considering the emotional needs of women including sections on those needs unique to single and married women, along with ways to address those emotional needs.
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Author: McAllister, L. A
Title: Road blocks and improvements.
Frontline women: Negotiating crosscultural issues in ministry (pp. 56-74).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2003
Summary:  A chapter summarizing qualitative research conducted in the mid 1990s for a PhD dissertation on constraints encountered in ministry.
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Author: Van Dalen, E.
Title: Raising radiant daughters Part 2: Telling the truth
Women of the Harvest.  March/April.   2003
Summary:  The second article in a series continuing the excellent set of suggestions found in the first article. Same as Blomberg & Brooks, 2001, Fitted pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 274-295). St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Services. Also same as VanDalen, October, 2000, Interact.
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Author: Van Dalen, E.
Title: Raising radiant daughters Part 1: Dispelling the Silence.
Women of the Harvest,  March/April.   2003
Summary:  An article about sexual abuse of adolescent females in Islamic cultures along with suggestions for coping with it. Same as Blomberg & Brooks, 2001, Fitted pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 274-295). St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Services. Also same as VanDalen, May, 2000, Interact.
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Author: Roman, B.
Title: Footsteps around the World: Relocation Tips for Teens.
   Wilmington, NC: BR Anchor Publishing.   2003
Summary:  This is a book for teenagers moving across the street or around the world. Its workbook style will help teens adjust to their new communities/cultures.
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Author: Campbell, M.
Title: Making adjustments favorably.
Frontline women: Negotiating crosscultural issues in ministry (pp. 31-55).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2003
Summary:  A chapter considering the special needs of women as they adapt to the host culture as well as suggestions for meeting those needs.
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Author: Hicks, R.
Title: Doing member care in Red zones: Examples from the Middle East.
Doing member care well: Perspectives and practices from around the world (pp. 193-206).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2002
Summary:  This chapter looks at the warning signs of Red-zone stress, offers suggestions for persons living in Red zones, and provides guidelines for administrators and leaders to help their Red-zone personnel.
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Author: Davis, B.
Title: Conflict resolution.
Enhancing missionary vitality: Mental health professions serving global mission (pp. 259-264).  Palmer Lake, CO: Mission Training International.   2002
Summary:  This chapter provides insight into sources of conflict and gives ways to manage conflict, conflict which occurs normally in any relationship
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Author: Donovan, K.
Title: Growing through stress.
   Berrien Springs, MI: Institute of World Mission   2002
Summary:  Written by a missionary, this book integrates secular research with a Biblical perspective shoeing that stress is our enemy only when it gets our of control. Handled creatively in helps us grow and enriches out lives.
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Author: O'Donnell, K.
Title: Doing Member Care Well :Perspectives and Practices from Around the World.
   Pasadena, CA, William Carey Library.   2002
Summary:  A comprehensive, 566-page book about member care around the world consisting of 50 Chapters gathered into 3 parts with 5 sections in each of the last two parts . This is the most valuable resource on world-wide member care available at the beginning of the 21st century.
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Author: O'Donnell, K.
Title: Giants, foxes, wolves and flies: Helping ourselves and others.
Doing member care well: Perspectives and practices from around the world (pp. 237-247).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2002
Summary:  A chapter summarizing the things that distract, distress, and destroy missionaries, together with ways to combat them. And series of questions to make applications to our own lives. A revision of an article in the International Journal of Frontier Missions (1995) v. 12, pp. 185-188.
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Author: Gobledale, A. K.
Title: Walking between cultures,
Interact,  Feb/April, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 11-13.   2002
Summary:  An article in which A TCK senior in high school answers the question, "Who am I?"
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Author: Stringham, E. M.
Title: The reacculturation of missionary families: A dynamic theory.
Enhancing missionary vitality: Mental health professions serving global mission (pp. 165-171).  Palmer Lake, CO: Mission Training International.   2002
Summary:  A qualitative research study of three families resulting in three theoretical propositions of a grounded theory. A complete presentation of this study is in the Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1993, Vol. 21, pp. 66-73.
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Author: Eckblad, T.
Title: Affective domain training: A critical ingredient in missionary preparation.
Enhancing missionary vitality: Mental health professions serving global mission (pp. 237-244).  Palmer Lake, CO: Mission Training International.   2002
Summary:  This chapter gives guidance for effective training in the affective domain which includes the spiritual component of grace--the SPLICE program of MTI.
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Author: Roembke, L.
Title: Team building.
Enhancing missionary vitality: Mental health professions serving global mission (pp. 253-258).  Palmer Lake, CO: Mission Training International.   2002
Summary:  This chapter provides a few tools for understanding and training multicultural teams. It consists of some ideas from the author's book, Building Credible Multicultural Teams (2000)
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Author: Grosshauser, A.
Title: Supporting expatriate women in difficult settings.
Doing member care well: Perspectives and practices from around the world (pp. 419-434).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2002
Summary:  This chapter addresses many of the issues women face living in a male-dominated country, being single in a family-centered society, working in the context of a very different and sometimes hostile cultural and religious settings, and so forth
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Author: Powell, J.
Title: Brief counseling and therapy during overseas visits.
Enhancing missionary vitality: Mental health professions serving global mission (pp. 277-286).  Palmer Lake, CO: Mission Training International.   2002
Summary:  This chapter defines and gives guidance for practice of brief therapy in a limited time and discusses areas often dealt with on-site.
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Author: Greenlee, D.
Title: The potential and pitfalls of multicultural teams.
Doing member care well: Perspectives and practices from around the world (pp. 399-406).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   2002
Summary:  This chapter explores possible strengths and weaknesses of multicultural teams as well as presenting five brief case studies.
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Author: Horn, L.
Title: The gift of time.
Women of the Harvest,  November/December.   2001
Summary:  This article is a woman's emotional journey through her first term of missionary service.
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Author: Van Dalen, E.
Title: Raising radiant daughters in dark places.
Fitted Pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 274-295),  St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Service.   2001
Summary:  An article about sexual abuse of adolescent females in Islamic cultures along with suggestions for coping with it. Same as in Interact May, 2000, Vol. 8, No. 4. pp. 11-15 and Interact October, 222, Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 6-13.
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Author: Blomberg, J. R.
Title: When and how to protect our TCKs?
Fitted Pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 269-274),  St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Service.   2001
Summary:  An article written in response to Sidebotham (1998) appearing in the July issue of Evangelical Missions quarterly, and originally appearing in EMQ, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 303-306 Same as in Interact October, 2000, Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 14-16.
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Author: Gardner, L. M.
Title: Protecting our TCKs: .What can be done? What must be done?
Fitted Pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 264-269),  St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Service.   2001
Summary:  An article dealing with various types of abuse that occurs within the mission community, along with suggestions for combating such abuse. Same as in Interact February, 2000, Vol. 8, No. 3. pp. 14-16.
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Author: Harvey, S. J.
Title: Eyes wide shut.
Women of the Harvest,  January/February.   2001
Summary:  In this article an adult MK who is now a missionary finds how different it is to be a missionary herself and how she is coping with the changes.
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Author: Lindquist, B.
Title: What IS member care all about?
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  37, 223-225.   2001
Summary:  An article in response to O'Donnell (2000) in which the author comments on the strong points of the article and expresses two major concerns.
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Author: Knell, M.
Title: Families on the move: Growing up overseas and loving it!
   London: Monarch.   2001
Summary:  A very practical book about Third Culture Kids including suggestions for every aspect of life from selection and orientation to re-entry.
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Author: Foyle, M.
Title: Honourably wounded: Stress among Christian workers (Rev .ed.).
   London: Monarch.   2001
Summary:  A revised, updated, and expanded edition of Foyle (1987) Understanding Missionary Stress. An excellent resource on stress in every aspect of missionary life.
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Author: Gardner, L. M.
Title: Child abuse in missions..What can be done? What must be done?
Interact  February, Vol. 8, No. 3. pp. 14-16.   2000
Summary:  An article dealing with various types of abuse that occurs within the mission community, along with suggestions for combating such abuse. Same as Blomberg & Brooks, 2001, Fitted pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 264-269). St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Services.
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Author: Wyse, B.
Title: What I wish my parents knew. (Part Two)
Interact.  February, Vol. 8, No. 3. pp. 1-5.   2000
Summary:  An article elaborating on what TCKs responded with when asked to complete the sentence, "I wish my parents knew." Same as Blomberg & Brooks, 2001, Fitted pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 239-251). St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Services.
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Author: Pirolo, N.
Title: The reentry team: Caring for your returning missionaries.
   San Diego, CA: Emmaus Road International   2000
Summary:  A book written for the local church about reentry containing many stories written anonymously by missionaries each analyzed relative to 9 factors relative to length of time for reentry, 9 areas of life experience, 5 reentry behavior patterns, 6 areas in which missionaries need care, and 5 scriptural-based steps to full integration. Excellent for missionaries as well as local church mission committees.
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Author: Storrs, C.
Title: Perspectives on educational options: Using the national schools.
Interact  May, Vol. 8, No. 4. pp. 1-7.   2000
Summary:  An article written in the from of a discussion giving reasons for using, benefits of, challenges of, underestimation of, factors considered, and having a successful national school experience.
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Author: Pascoe, R.
Title: Homeward Bound: A Spouse's Guide to Repatriation,
   Vancouver, BC, Canada: Expatriate Press.   2000
Summary:  A book about re-entry written for spouses (primarily women) of ones who have lived and worked overseas. It is written both from the head and from the heart.
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Author: Roembke, L.
Title: Building Credible Multicultural Teams.
   Pasadena, CA, William Carey Library.   2000
Summary:  A well-written book anchored in theology, anthropology, and empirical research, a book which is not only theoretical but practical as well. Useful to anyone working on a multicultural team.
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Author: Wyse, B.
Title: What puts TCKs at risk?
Interact,  December, Vol. 9, No. 2. pp. 10-15.   2000
Summary:  An article looking at TCKs in cross-cultural transition and ways they can be helped to make that transition.
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Author: Blomberg, J. R.
Title: How and when do we protect our TCKs?
Interact,  October, Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 14-16.   2000
Summary:  An article written in response to Sidebotham (1998) appearing in the July issue of Evangelical Missions quarterly, and originally appearing in EMQ, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 303-306. Same as Blomberg & Brooks, 2001, Fitted pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 269-274). St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Services.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Van Dalen, E.
Title: Raising radiant daughters in dark places.
Interact,  October, Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 6-13.   2000
Summary:  The second article in a series continuing the excellent set of suggestions found in the first article. Same as Blomberg & Brooks, 2001, Fitted pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 274-295). St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Services.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Sidebotham, L. D.
Title: Thinking about TCK vulnerability: What can be done? What must be done?
Interact  May, Vol. 8, No. 4. pp. 16-17.   2000
Summary:  An excerpted article calling for our stopping ignoring the effects of dysfunctional and abusive situations on our MKs. It also appears in its complete form in Evangelical Missions Quarterly, 1998, 34, 300-303.
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Author: Van Dalen, E.
Title: Raising radiant daughters in dark places.
Interact  May, Vol. 8, No. 4. pp. 11-15.   2000
Summary:  An article about sexual abuse of adolescent females in Islamic cultures along with suggestions for coping with it. Same as Blomberg & Brooks, 2001, Fitted pieces: A guide for parents educating children overseas (pp. 274-295). St. Clair Shores, MI: SHARE Education Services.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Sweatman, S. M.
Title: Marital satisfaction, cross-cultural adjustment stress, and he psychological sequelae.
Journal of Psychology and Theology.  27, 154-162.   1999
Summary:  An article reporting a correlational study between marital satisfaction and psychological symptoms, specifically depression and anxiety. Satisfaction was correlated with depression, but not anxiety in this study.
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Author: Hall, M. E. L.
Title: The relationship of object relations development to cultural adjustment in a missionary sample.
Journal of Psychology and Theology.  27, 139-153.   1999
Summary:  An article reporting a cross-sectional correlational study of the relationship between object relations development and cultural adjustment emphasizing learning to cope with the culture and manage the anxiety that comes with the uncertainty of being in that culture.
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Author: Sidebotham, L. D.
Title: Thinking about MK vulnerability.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  34, 300-303.   1998
Summary:  An article calling for our stopping ignoring the effects of dysfunctional and abusive situations on our MKs. This article is followed by a response by Janet Blomberg, "We must look through two filters" (theological and cultural). It also appears in shortened form in Interact, May, 2000, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 16-17.
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Author: Blomberg, J. R.
Title: We must look through two filters.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  34, 303-306   1998
Summary:  An article written in response to Sidebotham (1998) appearing in the July issue of Evangelical Missions quarterly, and this is also published in slightly modified form in the October issue of Interact, pp. 14-16.
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Author: Ward, T.
Title: Doing research together.
Raising resilient MKs: Resources for caregivers, parents, and teachers (pp. 445-455).  Colorado Springs, CO: Association of Christian Schools International.   1998
Summary:  A chapter describing what collaborative research across cultures is like. Based on a presentation at ICMK Nairobi, 1989.
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Author: Chan, P.
Title: Understanding the needs of Asian MKs.
Raising resilient MKs: Resources for caregivers, parents, and teachers (pp. 330-342).  Colorado Springs, CO: Association of Christian Schools International.   1998
Summary:  A chapter emphasizing the differences between Asian and Western cultures, especially individualism VS collectivism, poser differences, and uncertainty avoidance. Same as in Interact, May, 1996.
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Author: Ward, T.
Title: The MK's advantage: Three cultural contexts.
Raising resilient MKs: Resources for caregivers, parents, and teachers (pp.61-71).  Colorado Springs, CO: Association of Christian Schools International.   1998
Summary:  A chapter presenting a very positive view of growing up as an MK, giving the advantages rather than concentrating on the disadvantages.
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Author: Wright, S. D.
Title: Preparing children for missionary life.
Raising resilient MKs: Resources for caregivers, parents, and teachers (pp. 85-93).  Colorado Springs, CO: Association of Christian Schools International.   1998
Summary:  A chapter to prepare children, including the areas of personal identity, transition, and expectations, along with a practical program.
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Author: Pollock, D.
Title: The re-entry task.
Raising resilient MKs: Resources for caregivers, parents, and teachers (pp. 102-110).  Colorado Springs, CO: Association of Christian Schools International.   1998
Summary:  A chapter about re-entry which gives many good, practical things that can be done to help with the process of re-entry. Same as in Pollock (1986) ICMK Manila, (pp. 395-411).
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Author: Taylor, W. D.
Title: Too valuable to lose: Exploring the causes and cures of missionary attrition.
   Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1997
Summary:  A book describing the Reducing Missionary Attrition Project (ReMAP) conducted by the World Evangelical Fellowship Missions Commission which was conducted to identify the causes, explore solutions and deliver products and services to mission agencies and churches worldwide to help reduce undesirable attrition.
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Author: Chan, P.
Title: Become a catalyst in Asian MK care.
Interact.  October, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 8-11.   1997
Summary:  An article giving four reasons why a breakthrough is needed in MK care followed bi five ways Asian MK care can be supported.
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Author: Brierly, P. W.
Title: Missionary attrition: The ReMAP research report.
Too valuable to lose: Exploring the causes and cures of missionary attrition (pp. 85-103).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1997
Summary:  A chapter presenting the data from the ReMAP research project done on preliminary data, before all the data was in. Gives demographic data as well as overall data, data from old sending countries combined, new sending countries combined, and data for each individual country.
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Author: Storrs, C.
Title: My child in the national schools.
Interact.  February, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 16-19.   1997
Summary:  At article considering many factors that should be taken into account when deciding whether or not to send your child to a national school. It is followed by and excellent list of benefits, challenges, and questions for evaluating the national school option.
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Author: Whitecotton, M. G.
Title: Causes of stress and what to do about them.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  32, 432-438.   1996
Summary:  Brief article about things that cause stress and steps that can be taken to prevent and/or reduce stress.
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Author: Blohm, J.
Title: Where in the World Are You Going?
   Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.   1996
Summary:  This is an activity book that helps children ages 5-10 through the process of moving abroad. They may do the activities by themselves or with a parent.
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Author: Wilson, L.
Title: Women and culture shock.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  32, 442-449.   1996
Summary:  A good presentation of what culture shock is and five aspects that particularly affect women. Includes some suggestions to cope with it.
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Author: Van Reken, R.
Title: Religious culture shock.
Strangers at home (pp. 81-98)..  Bayside, NY: Alethia Publications   1996
Summary:  A chapter giving many examples of religious culture shock, ranging from dress to doctrine to how money is spent and holidays are celebrated.
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Author: Gjoen, J.
Title: Do we understand the needs of European MKs?
Interact.  May, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 8-11.   1996
Summary:  An interview by Interact with Judith Gjoen focuses on the unique needs and issues of European MKs on the field, in the classroom, and during reentry.
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Author: Keidel, L.
Title: Conflict or connection: Interpersonal relationships in cross-cultural settings.
   Wheaton, IL: Evangelical Missions Information Service.   1996
Summary:  A very good book on relationships with many different types of people. The first four chapters and the last six chapters are particularly about mental health issues.
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Author: Chan, P.
Title: Do we understand the needs of Asian MKs?
Interact.  May, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 12-18.   1996
Summary:  An article emphasizing the differences between Asian and Western cultures, especially individualism VS collectivism, poser differences, and uncertainty avoidance. Same as in Bowers, 1998, Raising resilient MKs: Resources for caregivers, parents, and teachers (pp. 330-342). Colorado Springs, CO: ACSI.
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Author: Jones, M.
Title: Psychology of missionary adjustment.
   Springfield, MO: Logion.   1995
Summary:  An excellent introductory overview of mental health issues arranged in a developmental context from selection to retirement. A good book for anyone interested in mental health and missions to begin as an introduction..
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Author: Carrillo, P.
Title: Struggles of Latin Americans in frontier missions.
International Journal of Frontier Missions,  12, 195-198.   1995
Summary:  An article showing similarities between problems faced by Latin American missionaries and Western missionaries related to problems within the worker, in the participating church, and in the mission agency.
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Author: O'Donnell, K.
Title: Foxes, Giants, and Wolves
International Journal of Frontier Missions,  12, 185-188.   1995
Summary:  An article summarizing the things that distract, distress, and destroy missionaries, together with ways to combat them. And series of questions to make applications to our own lives. This article also is in Odonnell (2002) Doing Member Care Well (pp. 237-247).
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Author: Cho, Y. J.
Title: Avoiding Pitfalls on multi-cultural mission teams.
International Journal of Frontier Missions,  12, 179-183.   1995
Summary:  An article showing strengths and weaknesses of multi-cultural teams and how to avoid problems.
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Author: Brammer, D.
Title: Peanut Butter Friends in a Chop Suey World.
   Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press.   1994
Summary:  Sixth-grader Amy and her family move to Taiwan to do missionary work, but even at her school for English-speaking students Amy finds the adjustment difficult. (Fiction, written for ages 9-12 but the issues are relevant for high school as well)
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Author: Stringham, E. M.
Title: The reacculturation of missionary families: A dynamic theory.
Journal of Psychology and Theology,  21, 66-73.   1993
Summary:  A qualitative research study of three families resulting in three theoretical propositions of a grounded theory. A shortened form of this article is in Powell & Bowers (2002), Enhancing missionary vitality (pp. 165-171).
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Jones, M.
Title: First-year counseling: A key ingredient to success.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  29, 294-297.   1993
Summary:  An article showing the need for someone to be there to listen for first-year missionaries.
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Author: Gardner, L. M.
Title: Homosexuality in women: Considerations for evangelical missionary recruitment, missions administration, and clinical intervention.
Journal of Psychology and Theology,  21, 26-36.   1993
Summary:  Since missions is a character profession, the behavior of missionaries outside of working hours is crucial. This article deals with female homosexuality in missions looking at it in a developmental perspective. It gives criteria for assessment and considerations for administrative action
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Beck, J. R.
Title: Missions and mental health: A lesson from history.
Journal of Psychology and Theology,  21, 9-17.   1993
Summary:  A description of Dorothy Carey's psychosis and its effect on the missionary movement. It also includes lessons we should learn from her tragic experience.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Duvall, N.
Title: Missions and mental health: A personal safari.
Journal of Psychology and Theology,  21, 54-65.   1993
Summary:  This is the story of Nancy's own increasing personal involvement with missions as a mental health professional. It is an inspiring and encouraging article.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Miersma, P.
Title: Understanding missionary stress from the perspective of a combat-related stress theory.
Journal of Psychology and Theology,  21, 93-101.   1993
Summary:  An excellent comparison of PTSD in the Vietnam war and that experienced by missionaries, giving seven risk factors in each. In addition suggestions for administrators, missionaries, and those working with them are given.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Elmer, D.
Title: Cross-Cultural conflict: Building relationships for effective ministry.
   Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.   1993
Summary:  An excellent, practical, Biblical book about understanding and resolving conflict. It includes Western types of conflict resolution as well as those in other cultures.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Schubert, E.
Title: What missionaries need to know about burnout and depression.
   New Castle, IN: Olive Branch Publications.   1993
Summary:  A practical presentation of burnout and depression, with the emphasis on depressions of various types and at different ages along with suggestion for prevention.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Jordan, P.
Title: Re-entry: Making the transition from missions to life at home
   Seattle, WA: Youth With a Mission.   1992
Summary:  A popularly written book that gives very practical pointers on how to accomplish re-entry. It is for all types of missionaries, but slanted more toward the short-term missionary.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Vogan, D.
Title: East and west: The changing face of MK education.
Interact.  March, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 4-5, 20.   1992
Summary:  An article about educating the children of a cross-cultural missionary force, with an emphasis on Korean students attending predominantly western schools.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Allen, F.
Title: Your church-planting team can be booby-trapped.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  27, 294-297.   1991
Summary:  An article about potential difficulties that are likely to occur in church-planting teams, along with means to avoid those difficulties.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Atkins, A.
Title: Know your own culture: A neglected tool for cross-cultural ministry.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  26, 266-271.   1990
Summary:  An article pointing out the necessity for knowing our own culture to be able to relate to others. It gives a beginning list of eight cultural differences.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Dixon, J.
Title: Unrealistic expectations: the downfall of many missionaries.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  26, 388-393.   1990
Summary:  An article about how new missionaries often have unrealistic expectations about what they will be like and what they will accomplish, as well as some suggestions about a more realistic view.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Echerd, P.
Title: Planning for MK nurture. Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, Volume II.
   Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1989
Summary:  Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, volume II. Contains 49 chapters grouped into six categories.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Ward, T.
Title: The MK's advantage: Three cultural contexts.
Understanding and nurturing the missionary family: Compendium of the international Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, Volume I (pp. 49-61).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1989
Summary:  A chapter presenting a very positive view of growing up as an MK, giving the advantages rather than concentrating on the disadvantages.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Schubert, E.
Title: Depression and suicide.
Understanding and nurturing the missionary family: Compendium of the international Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, Volume I (pp. 127-148).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1989
Summary:  A chapter about depression and suicide in adults, adolescents and children. Since it was written in the 1980s, it is somewhat dated.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Moore, T. H.
Title: MK education in a cross-cultural context.
Planning for MK nurture, Compendium of the international Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, Volume II, (pp. 107-118).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1989
Summary:  A chapter calling for, and giving a rather detailed plan for moving toward educating MKs biculturally.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Moss, L.
Title: Loneliness and life adjustment.
Understanding and nurturing the missionary family: Compendium of the international Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, Volume I (pp. 345-350).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1989
Summary:  A brief chapter about reentry with suggestions for caregivers.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Chester, R. M.
Title: MK values and ethno relationships.
Understanding and nurturing the missionary family: Compendium of the international Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, Volume I (pp. 280-293).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1989
Summary:  A chapter making readers aware of their values and their implications for our children and other missionaries.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Peters, D. B.
Title: MK identity formation: Cultural influences.
Understanding and nurturing the missionary family: Compendium of the international Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, Volume I (pp. 270-279).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1989
Summary:  A chapter calling for the inclusion of cultural influences in MK identity formation and a call for a new model for understanding MKs, the multicultural, rather than the third culture kid.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Schubert, E.
Title: Posttraumatic stress disorder.
Understanding and nurturing the missionary family: Compendium of the international Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Ecuador, January 4-8, 1987, Volume I (pp. 155-164).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1989
Summary:  A chapter giving a good summary of PTSD as applicable to missions.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: O'Donnell, K.
Title: Helping missionaries grow: Readings in mental health and missions
   Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1988
Summary:  An excellent compendium of 50 previously published articles and papers all gathered together in one place. An excellent introduction to mental health and missions
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: O'Donnell, K.
Title: Bibliography of readings in mental health and missions
Helping missionaries grow: Readings in mental health and missions (pp. 551-567).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1988
Summary:  An extensive bibliography (not annotated) of about 175 important articles and dissertations during 1962-1987 era. They are organized around major topics.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Bolyanatz, A. H.
Title: How we reduced those early cultural surprises.
Helping missionaries grow: Readings in mental health and missions (pp. 329-334).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1988
Summary:  This presents a couple ways of decreasing cultural stress by increasing predictability. Same as in Evangelical Missions Quarterly, 1985, 21, 266-271.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Adeney, M.
Title: Taking school-age children to a new culture.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  24, 224-228.   1988
Summary:  Short, practical article containing things that missionaries can do to help their children make the adjustment to a new culture.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Johnson, C. B.
Title: The current status of the provision of psychological services in missionary agencies in North America.
Helping missionaries grow: Readings in mental health and missions (pp. 458-465).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1988
Summary:  An 11 item survey of 55 mission agencies shows the use of psychological services by those agencies. The problem of relationships with other missionaries was by far the most frequent problem, and psychology or counseling training was the background of about half of the providers, and 60% were consultants. Same as in The Bulletin of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies, 1981, 7(4), 25-27.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Foyle, M.
Title: Missionary relationships: Powderkeg or powerhouse?
Helping missionaries grow: Readings in mental health and missions (pp. 399-406).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1988
Summary:  A good, short article on conflicts between administration and personnel, and how to address them. Cultural differences between expatriates and expatriates and nationals are also discussed with ways of solving them. The problem with missionary subcultures are also addressed. Same as in Evangelical Missions Quarterly, 1985, 21, 342-349. Also many of these ideas are found in Chapter 8 of Foyle (1987) Overcoming missionary Stress, Wheaton, IL: Evangelical Missions Information Service.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Gish, D.
Title: Sources of missionary stress.
Helping missionaries grow: Readings in mental health and missions (pp. 379-389).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1988
Summary:  A survey of 547 missionaries on the field on a 65-item rating scale studying the sources of missionary stress. The leading causes of stress (over 47% reporting considerable to great stress) were confrontation, communicating across language-cultural barrier, time and effort maintaining donor relationships, amount of work, work priorities. These were compared across place of service, gender, age, marital status, nationality, years of service, type of service, and amount of time on the job. Same as in Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1983, 11, 238-242.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Dye, S. F.
Title: Decreasing fatigue and illness in field-work.
Helping missionaries grow: Readings in mental health and missions (pp. 352-378).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1988
Summary:  An article presenting applications of Freud's defense mechanisms to the production of cultural stress for missionaries. A good set of ways of dealing with stress is also presented. Same as in Missiology: An International Review, 1974, 2, 79-109.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Dye, T. W.
Title: Stress-producing factors in cultural adjustment.
Helping missionaries grow: Readings in mental health and missions (pp. 335-351).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1988
Summary:  A good summary factors increasing and decreasing culture stress as well as practical suggestions to decrease it. Same as in Missiology: An International Review, 1974, 2, 61-77.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Foyle, M.
Title: Overcoming missionary stress.
   Wheaton, IL: Evangelical Missions Information Service.   1987
Summary:  An excellent source of information about missionary stress. In consists of ten chapters covering stress and singleness, marriage, children, adolescents, selection, culture, relationships, and reentry. Major portions of many chapters are also available in articles by Foyle in the Evangelical Missions Quarterly (1985) 21, 32-40; 21, 134-142; 21, 240-245; 21, 342-349 (1986) 22, 14-20; 22, 196-204; 22, 262-270 (1987) 23, 20-28; 23, 144-150. Some of these are also available in O'Donnell & O'Donnell (1988) Helping missionaries grow (pp. 413-420, pp. 399-406, pp. 26-34, and pp. 194-202) , Pasadena, CA: William Carey Press.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Hesselgrave, D. J.
Title: Can psychology aid us in the fulfillment of the Great Commission? A missiologist speaks to Christian psychologists.
Journal of Psychology and Theology,  15, 274-280.   1987
Summary:  A call for an attitude of mutual respect, and taking three actions to bring about a cooperative relationship between missiologists and psychologists.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Cummings, D.
Title: Programmed for failure--mission candidates at risk.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  23, 240-246.   1987
Summary:  An article challenging mission agencies to recognize how our current American culture has programmed candidates for failure in the missionary task to other cultures.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Campus Crusade for Christ.
Title: Common unexpected situations and concerns.
Cross-cultural reentry: A book of readings (pp. 239-250).  Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University Press.   1986
Summary:  A chapter giving returning missionaries suggestions as to what to expect when they return to the states, as well as situations and suggestions about their children
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Lingenfelter, S. G.
Title: Ministering cross-culturally: An incarnational model for personal relationships.
   Grand Rapids, MI: Baker.   1986
Summary:  A model for cross -cultural ministry which looks at six basic differences in cultures. It includes a test so that people can determine where they fall on all six dimensions.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Merritt, L.
Title: So you are going home.
Cross-cultural reentry: A book of readings (pp. 173-177).  Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University Press.   1986
Summary:  A short chapter written by a high school senior about her becoming bitter and afraid, conforming, and then becoming more like Jesus.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Austin, C.
Title: Cross-cultural reentry.
   Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University.   1986
Summary:  An edited book of readings with an introductory section, one for federally employed, one for business and missionary families and international students, one for TCKs and their parents, and guidelines for reentry. It also includes a topical table of contents with the following headings: General, Corporations, Federally employed civilians, international education, military, missionaries, and third culture children.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Tetzel, B.
Title: New directions in Missions: Implications for MKs: Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Manila, Philippines, November 5-9, 1984.
   West Battleboro, VT: ICMK.   1986
Summary:  A compendium of the international conference on missionary kids held in Manila, Philippines, November 5-9, 1984. It consists of 47 chapters arranged in five categories.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Anderson, C.
Title: Harmonious working relationships within a multinational faculty.
New directions in missions: Implications for MKs. Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Manila, Philippines, November 5-9, 1984 (pp. 383-393).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1986
Summary:  A chapter about differences in the structure of education and the differences in people. It is specifically discussing teachers, but is just as relevant to students as well.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Pollock, D.
Title: The re-entry task.
New directions in missions: Implications for MKs. Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Manila, Philippines, November 5-9, 1984 (pp. 395-411).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1986
Summary:  A chapter about re-entry which gives many good, practical things that can be done to help with the process of re-entry. Same as in Pollock (1998) in Bowers, J. M. Raising Resilient MKs; Resources for Caregivers, Parents, and teachers, Colorado Springs, CO: ACSI (pp. 102-110)
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Mortenson, P.
Title: Home church participation in an MKs pre-field and re-entry care.
New directions in missions: Implications for MKs. Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Manila, Philippines, November 5-9, 1984 (pp. 437-443).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1986
Summary:  A chapter telling what kinds of attitudes help and hurt as well as giving practical steps we can take to care for the MK in church.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Ferguson, L. N.
Title: Pre-field training, activities and counseling for candidates and their children.
New directions in missions: Implications for MKs. Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Manila, Philippines, November 5-9, 1984 (pp. 48-55).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1986
Summary:  A chapter on early attempts at pre-field training to help families adjust when they enter another culture.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Powell, J.
Title: Cultural adjustments that MKs face.
New directions in missions: Implications for MKs. Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Manila, Philippines, November 5-9, 1984 (pp. 119-124).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1986
Summary:  A chapter dealing basic needs of MKs and fundamental issues they face.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Austin, C.
Title: Interpersonal stresses from living in a cross-cultural environment.
New directions in missions: Implications for MKs. Compendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Manila, Philippines, November 5-9, 1984 (pp. 132-148).  Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.   1986
Summary:  A chapter basically on re-entry including an extensive categorized reference list and categorized reentry study findings.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Bolyanatz, A. H.
Title: How we reduced those early cultural surprises.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  21, 266-271.   1985
Summary:  This presents a couple ways of decreasing cultural stress by increasing predictability. Same as in O'Donnell & O'Donnell (1988), Helping missionaries grow (329-334), Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Foyle, M.
Title: Missionary relationships: Powderkeg or powerhouse?
Evangelical missions Quarterly,  21, 342-349.   1985
Summary:  A good, short article on conflicts between administration and personnel, and how to address them. Cultural differences between expatriates and expatriates and nationals are also discussed with ways of solving them. The problem with missionary subcultures are also addressed. Same as in O'Donnell & O'Donnell (1988), Helping missionaries grow (399-406), Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library. Many of these ideas are also found in Chapter 7 of Foyle (1987) Overcoming missionary stress, Wheaton, IL: Evangelical Missions Information Service.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Foyle, M.
Title: Missionary stress and what to do about it.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  21, 32-40.   1985
Summary:  First in a series of articles about stress giving a general introduction to stress. Much of this article is also found in Chapter 1 and other parts of Foyle (1987) Overcoming missionary stress, Wheaton, IL: Evangelical Missions Information Service.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Williams, D. E.
Title: Assessment of cross-cultural adjustability in missionary candidates: Theoretical, biblical, and practical perspectives.
Journal of Psychology and Christianity  2(4), 18-24.   1983
Summary:  A proposal for assessment of cross-cultural adjustability. The author discusses the need for it, the characteristics of the apostle Paul as a missionary, and suggests form practical ways it may be developed. Many interesting ideas proposed.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Gish, D.
Title: Sources of missionary stress.
Journal of Psychology and Theology,  11, 236-242.   1983
Summary:  A survey of 547 missionaries on the field on a 65-item rating scale studying the sources of missionary stress. The leading causes of stress (over 47% reporting considerable to great stress) were confrontation, communicating across language-cultural barrier, time and effort maintaining donor relationships, amount of work, work priorities. These were compared across place of service, gender, age, marital status, nationality, years of service, type of service, and amount of time on the job. Same as in O'Donnell & O'Donnell (1988), Helping missionaries grow (379-389), Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Loss, M.
Title: Culture shock: Dealing with stress in cross-cultural living
   Winona Lake, IN: Light and Life Press.   1983
Summary:  A book about adjusting to life in a different culture. The last two chapters give a very good set of suggestions to first-termers on how to prevent culture stress, and to senior missionaries on how to treat the new kids on the block.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Austin, C.
Title: Cross-cultural reentry: An annotated bibliography.
   Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University Press.   1983
Summary:  This is an annotated bibliography of 291 references grouped according to sponsorship as follows: Corporations, federally employed civilians, international education, military, missionaries, and General. It is very complete as of 1983, including doctoral dissertations, of material found in 17 major databases.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Greenway, R. S.
Title: Don't be an urban missionary unless.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  19, 86-94.   1983
Summary:  An article giving many things to be considered by people intending to go into urban missions, along with suggested methods of preparing.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Fritz, J.
Title: Homesick--My Own Story.
   New York: Yearling Press.   1982
Summary:  This book is the story of the author's life growing up in a tumultuous China when foreigners were becoming more and more unpopular. Written for children 8-12 years of age, the book is a Newberry Honor Book and winner of the American Book Award for Children's Fiction.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Johnson, C. B.
Title: The current status of the provision of psychological services in missionary agencies in North America.
The Bulletin of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies,  7(4), 25-27.   1981
Summary:  An 11 item survey of 55 mission agencies shows the use of psychological services by those agencies. The problem of relationships with other missionaries was by far the most frequent problem, and psychology or counseling training was the background of about half of the providers, and 60% were consultants. Same as in O'Donnell & O'Donnell (1988), Helping missionaries grow (PP. 458-465), Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Arndt, J. R.
Title: Twenty to fifty percent fail to make it--why?
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  12, 141-146.   1976
Summary:  An outline of Stanley Lindquist about how he started caring for missionaries, and how Link Care functioned at the time of the interview.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Coots, D. L.
Title: Don Quixote de la mission: Or, what to do about those new missionary frustrations.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  12, 205-209.   1976
Summary:  A humorously written article about culture shock and what to do about it.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Dye, T. W.
Title: Stress-producing factors in cultural adjustment.
Missiology: An International Review,  2, 61-77.   1974
Summary:  A good summary factors increasing and decreasing culture stress as well as practical suggestions to decrease it. Same as in O'Donnell & O'Donnell (1988), Helping missionaries grow (335-351), Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Dye, S. F.
Title: Decreasing fatigue and illness in field-work.
Missiology: An International Review  2, 79-109.   1974
Summary:  An article presenting applications of Freud's defense mechanisms to the production of cultural stress for missionaries. A good set of ways of dealing with stress is also presented. Same as in O'Donnell & O'Donnell (1988), Helping missionaries grow (352-377), Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Stringham, J. A.
Title: Likely causes of emotional difficulties among missionaries.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  6, 193-203.   1970
Summary:  An early, complete attempt to look at causes for emotional problems in missionaries. Sixteen external problems and 10 internal problems were specified. This article is continued in Stringham, 1970.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Reyburn, W. D.
Title: Perspective on missionary loss
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  2, 84-90.   1966
Summary:  An article about the losses older missionaries of the mid 1960's experienced, especially in Africa. Has some implications for today as well.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Satterwhite, J. P.
Title: Learn to cope with stress.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  2, 91-95.   1966
Summary:  An early article on stress, especially as experienced by missionaries to Japan in the 1960s.
  read full citation...
  

 

Author: Smalley, W. A.
Title: Emotional storm signals: The shocks of culture, language, self-discovery.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly,  2, 146-157.   1966
Summary:  A classic presentation of the cause and course of culture shock. Although old, it is very clearly written and worth reading.
  read full citation...
  

 

 

 

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